Sui electric vehicles, pure hybrids, mild hybrids and plug-in hybrids there regenerative braking plays a fundamental role in the recovery and transformation of mechanical energy transformed into electricity to be stored in the lithium battery. There regenerative braking allows you to slightly increase theautonomy in EV vehicles, to reduce fuel consumption and emissions on hybrid cars.
Regenerative braking, what is it?
There regenerative braking is a system of energy recovery present on most of the most modern “electrified” vehicles, from mild-hybrid to full-hybrid as well as obviously on 100% electric cars, which converts into electricitykinetic energy of the car which would normally be dissipated as heat by the braking system.
Regenerative braking, how it works
The device that implements regenerative braking is one reversible electric machine which in braking behaves like generator: closing the circuit, the rotor induces an electromotive force in the stator, generating electricity which is stored in a small dedicated battery in mild-hybrid vehicles or in the larger traction batteries of full-hybrid vehicles.
There driving torque applied to the stator counteracts the resistant torque: in this way the mechanical power expended is equal to the electric power generatednet of passive resistances.
In practice, the generation of “flow” of energy towards the batteries involves the appearance on the rotor of a braking power which slow down the vehicle.
Electric car accelerating becomes an electric motorassisting the heat engine with an additional torque boost: Electric energy flows from the batteries to the motor windings, which thus delivers drive torque.
Regenerative braking, as it works on electric cars
In traction cars exclusively electric regenerative braking works in the same way, with the motors themselves acting as braking generators.
L’intensity of energy recovery significantly influences it driving styleespecially on full-hybrid and electric cars where it is also possible to adjust this parameter, with the classic “B Mode”.
“Play” driving with regenerative braking
Anyone who loves to drive can also with an electric car have fun playing with regenerative braking. In fact, when going downhill, the speed of the vehicle can be managed by changing the intensity of recovery, and therefore of braking, by acting on the appropriate controls generally located on the gear lever or buttons or paddles on the steering wheel. You can go from “sailing” even in “neutral” (not recommended) up to maximum regenerative braking.
There deceleration caused by regenerative braking can be so intense as to permit driving in some cases “one pedal driving”, i.e. using only the accelerator pedal: with this mode, when released, the energy recovery is so intense that it is almost possible to bring the vehicle to a complete stop without the intervention of the actual braking system.
Regenerative braking benefits in urban driving and steep descents
The diffusion of hybrid vehicles will make a significant contribution to the reduction of Polluting emissions and altering climates, especially in urban areas where traffic involves continuous speed variations. Studies show that, in the urban driving styleone third to one half of the available energy is dissipated during the slowdown phase with braking.
Regenerative braking is a system particularly suited to these driving conditions characterized by frequent stop&go and can improve energy efficiency from 20% up to 50%depending on the size of the engine/electric generator, the characteristics of the power electronics that manage the system, the battery capacity and the recovery intensity set by the pilot.
The ability to recover energy during braking depends on the state of charge of the batteriesthe maximum acceptable current value and the rated power of the electric machine it acts as engine or generator.
On downhill roads it is very helpful and also allows you to save the use and wear of the brakes.
Regenerative braking when not working
Be careful because regenerative braking does not work in some cases: exactly when the battery is 100% charged. In this case, lifting the accelerator pedal eliminates the slowdown due to the electric brake. This can happen while going down a long slope that you may have taken with the battery almost full.
When the battery is 100% at some point e suddenly regenerative braking it no longer works: the slowdown that the driver of the vehicle can rely on is lost, as he will surely find himself displaced with the car “stretching” downhill instead of slowing down. So be careful when traveling downhill with the battery close to 100%!
Energy recovery, the benefits for the environment
The recent regulations (and above all the forthcoming ones) regarding the reduction of CO2 emissions in Europe, the USA and also in emerging countries, they effectively oblige the manufacturers to equip the cars with fuel saving systems such as regenerative braking.
This system allow sensitive emission reductions in front of a moderate cost increase compared to a traditional car.
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