The thyroid, a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, plays a crucial role in our body. Although its size is tiny, barely 20 grams, its functions are vital: regulates metabolism, body temperature and heart rate.
However, when this gland does not function properly, it can trigger diseases such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, significantly affecting people’s quality of life.
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are the two most common thyroid diseases and have an autoimmune origin. According to endocrinologist Segundo Seclén Santisteban, these conditions occur when the body’s immune system does not recognize the thyroid as his own and attacks it, believing it to be an external agent.
In hypothyroidism, the production of thyroid hormones is insufficient. Patients often experience symptoms such as fatigue,weight gain, joint pain, dry skin, hair loss, and a constant feeling of cold. These symptoms, if not treated properly, can lead to serious complications.
On the other hand, hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones. People with this condition often have a high body temperature, lose weight rapidly, are very active and hyperactive, and experience a rapid heart rate. In addition, they may present irritability and alterations in sensory activity.
Affectations and Prevalence
Thyroid diseases mainly affect two population groups: young people under 25 years of age and older adults. Women, in particular, are more likely to develop thyroid problems due to its association with the X chromosome. Symptoms that may indicate hypothyroidism in young women include amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and irregular menstruation.
Chronic Diseases and Treatment
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are considered chronic diseases and require lifelong treatment. In the case of hypothyroidism, patients must take a daily pill to make up for the lack of thyroid hormones. For hyperthyroidism, treatment may include medications or radioactive iodine to reduce hormone production.
In addition, there is a direct relationship between thyroid diseases and insulin resistance, which can lead to diabetes. “Thyroid hormone contributes to increased insulin resistance. Insulin is the hormone that introduces glucose to the organs, and when it fails, glucose accumulates in the blood,” explained Seclén Santisteban. This explains why it is common to find patients with diabetes who also suffer from thyroid diseases and vice versa.
Recommendations for Detection and Management
Since thyroid diseases are autoimmune, they cannot be prevented. However, the endocrinologist recommends having an annual checkup if you have a family history of thyroid diseases. Likewise, he advises patients with thyroid diseases to rule out possible diabetes problems and vice versa.
For those with type I diabetes, it is crucial to keep an eye on thyroid health, while for type II diabetes, which is more lifestyle-related, it is important to maintain a healthy weight, exercise regularly, and have a balanced diet.
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