Vilja Keskitalo 12
Contact lenses cannot fog up in the same way as glasses or windows, because the contact lens is always surrounded on both sides by tear fluid on the surface of the eye. Ideally, both sides of the lens are constantly moist.
This does not always happen. Sometimes the surface of the contact lens can dry both outside and inside. This blurs vision in the same way as lens fogging, even if there is no fog on a dry surface.
In extremely cold conditions, the liquid between the lens and the surface of the eye, i.e. the tear film, can momentarily solidify a little in the same way as, for example, eyelashes in freezing weather. This can also create the impression of fogging.
However, both dry and solidified surfaces become completely transparent with a few blinks.
Panu Tast
managing director, optometrist
Vision and eye health Näe ry
Sumerian clay tablet with the poem Inanna and Ebih written by the poet Enheduanna. The clay tablet belongs to the collections of the University of Chicago.
When was the world’s first book made?
Okko Salo, 9
Literacy has been known for about 5,000 years. During that time, texts have been made on many materials, such as clay tablets, wooden and metal plates, stones, parchment and paper.
A book like the present one with pages and covers is called a codex. Compared to the history of writing, however, the codex is a late invention. The first ones were probably made in the first century BC.
It is not possible to name the first one, but according to some information Julius Caesar would have prepared some kind of notebook in the form of a codex.
From a slightly later period, codices are better known. For example, a Roman poet Martialis found the form useful when he published his epigrams, or short satirical texts, in the second half of the first century AD.
Over a long period of time, the codices replaced the scrolls, i.e. the rolls originally made of papyrus. Scrolls had already been produced in Egypt in the 25th century before the beginning of the calendar.
A book can also mean a larger body of text, regardless of the method of publication. They have a very long history. Among the earliest are the Sumerians, i.e. entities originating from the area of present-day southern Iraq.
Among them can be mentioned, for example, a collection of proverbs Shuruppak too advice from the middle of the 21st century before the start of the countdown, poet Enheduantan hymns from the 23rd century before the start of the chronology and GudeaGudea’s cylinders from the 21st century before the start of the countdown tell about a ruler named
HK Riikonen
professor emeritus of general literature
university of Helsinki
The cat thrives in tight spaces.
Why do cats go into empty boxes?
Onni Korhonen, 8
Cats indeed, they like to dig into boxes and especially cardboard boxes. Cats do this because they like confined spaces.
In the box, they can explore their surroundings, but at the same time be a bit hidden themselves. In addition, cardboard is a great insulator, so it’s warm to be in a cardboard box.
The cardboard material also fascinates many cats. Apparently, it has a pleasant mouthfeel, so it’s nice to chew.
Being in the box can be a joy from the point of view of the cats’ health. According to studies, the feeling of security brought by the cardboard box can help cats adapt and recover faster after surgery.
Julia Haukilintu
vet
Animal clinic Almavet
A tall tit rarely has a runny nose.
What happens if a bird gets a cold?
Kaarlo Tiihonen, 3
Although birds don’t have noses, they too can really develop a runny nose. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity of birds also reacts to infections and other stimuli with mucus secretion, i.e. runny nose.
Birds’ runny nose can be watery or a little thicker. In birds with a runny nose, discharge can be seen in the nostrils, which are located at the base of the beak.
As in humans, secretions can also travel backwards into the mouth. There is a slit-like connection from the nasal cavity of birds to the roof of the oral cavity.
When a bird gets a runny nose, both nostrils can also become blocked with secretions as a result of inflammation. In chickens and pet birds, if necessary, it can be treated by rinsing the nasal cavity by a veterinarian.
Snout individuals of wild birds have been observed bobbing their heads, sneezing, yawning or sometimes even waving their heads underwater.
Their purpose is very likely then to remove the blockage of the nasal cavity, i.e. to relieve rhinitis. However, coryza in wild birds is rare.
Esa Hohtola
Emeritus Professor of Animal Physiology
University of Oulu
A blue whale spits if something inappropriate gets into its mouth.
A whale eats plankton, but what happens if it accidentally eats something else? Although I applied?
Mila Savolainen, 9
Hetula whales, such as blue, humpback and bay whales, mainly eat krill, i.e. small crustaceans. Krill belong to plankton. At times, fin whales’ diet may include various fish, such as herring.
It is known that whales may, however, accidentally get birds, for example, into their mouths when hunting for food.
In such situations, the whales spit the bird out of their mouths. It is known to have happened once that a person who was diving was momentarily caught in the mouth of a humpback whale. The whale quickly spat him out and both survived with a start.
In addition to humpback whales, there are toothed whales, which include, for example, the sperm whale and the killer whale. Toothed whales eat fish and squid, among other things.
Some killer whales also eat sharks. Other whales would probably spit out a shark if it ended up in their mouth for some reason.
Sanna Kuningas
investigator
Natural Resources Center
Send the question, the questioner’s full name and age to [email protected]. The column is edited by Touko Kauppinen and Juha Merimaa.
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