One study found that eating less and reducing about 30% of daily calories would allow us to live longer, in addition to being at less risk of suffering from diseases associated with aging, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s and diabetes.
This is the most detailed study ever undertaken to clarify what happens to a body when subjected to this caloric restriction. Their results indicate many fundamental factors, such as which genes and molecules are responsible for aging and outline new ways to reach possible drugs that achieve something a priori impossible: stop time, stop aging.
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The work offers the most detailed cell atlas of aging in a mammal and the beneficial effects of moderating the diet. The team used the new cell-by-cell genetic analysis technology to analyze nearly 200,000 cells from nine different mouse organs and tissues. In one group there were rodents that ate what they wanted and in the other animals that ate 30% less calories.
The researchers used only adult mice that studied from 18 to 27 months of age, which in humans would be equivalent to a follow-up between 50 and 70 years. This is important, as studies carried out in primates have shown that the benefits of eating less are only evident in adult individuals, “more or less” half of their lives.
The results, published in the journal Cell, provide a complete catalog of all the changes that happen with age and diet, both within each cell and in the communication between them. The researchers found that the genes and molecular processes most affected by age have to do with the immune system — which gets deregulated in mice that eat freely —, inflammation and metabolism. The number of immune cells in almost all tissues increased with age, but this did not occur in the calorie-reduced mice, which had levels comparable to those in five-month-old mice. The calorie-restricted mice showed no more than half of all the aging markers identified in their normal-diet mates.
Evidence that calorie restriction prolongs people’s lives is more limited, in part because of the logistical and economic challenge of keeping up with the lives and diets of hundreds or thousands of people for decades, but there is clear evidence that eating less improves the basic health markers. The first studies are already starting to try not to treat a specific disease, but to attack aging with molecules such as metformin, approved to treat diabetes
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